The relationship between self-esteem, depression and anger

The relationship between self-esteem, depression and anger Many researchers like Kaplan, (1982); Rosenberg et al., (1989); Ross Broh, (2000) cited that, the level of self-esteem is widely recognized as a central aspect of psychological functioning and well-being and is strongly related to many other variables. White (2002) stated that If a problem is not biological in origin, then it will almost always be traceable to poor self-esteem. In fact, many psychotherapists have noted a direct relationship between self-esteem and mental health (Rogers, 1961; Coopersmith, 1967). Research has also shown that low self-esteem is associated with various psychological and behavioral problems. For e.g. Leary, (1999) suggests that, low self-esteem is related to a variety of psychological difficulties and personal problems, such as substance abuse, loneliness, academic failure, teenage pregnancy, and criminal behavior. People with low self-esteem tend to attribute any successes they have to luck rather than to their own abilities. Those with high self-esteem will tend to attribute their successes to qualities within themselves (Covey, 1989). Baumeister his colleagues (e.g., Baumeister, 1993; Baumeister, Smart, Boden, 1996) found that behaviors and outcomes are often more variable for people high in self-esteem than for people low in self-esteem. Previous literature suggests that low self-esteem is associated with possible risk factor like depression, low self-esteem, anger, and anxiety. Self- esteem is a complex, multi-dimensional construct with multiple sources, and has other facets as potential risk factors for depression (Kwan et al., 2009). Researchers such as, Carlson, Uppal, Prosser (2000) reported that low self-esteem, in general, is of concern because of its association with depression, suicide, delinquency, substance use, and lower academic achievement. Carpenito-Moyet (2008) suggests that low self-esteem may be an indicator of susceptibility to depression, which is an important predictor of suicidal tendencies. Harter Marold, (1994) suggests that low self-esteem has been associated with depression and suicidal ideas. Roberts Monroe (1994) proposed a general theoretical account of the role of self-esteem in depression. They acknowledged that low self-esteem has often been proposed as a risk factor that creates a vulnerability to depression, but concluded that in research, level of self-esteem has failed to emerge as a robust predictor of the onset of depression. They proposed that vulnerability to depression accompanies unstable self-esteem (i.e., self-esteem that is prone to fluctuate across time), as well as self-esteem based on relatively few and unreliable sources. It is well-established that high self-esteem is related to positive adjustment, general well-being and mental health in adolescence and also to fewer internalizing and externalizing problems (e.g. Ouvinen- Birgerstam, 1999; Steinhausen and Winkler Metzke, 2001; Ybrandt, 2008). Further literature suggests that, mental health problems of adolescents may be caused by a negative psychological trait, such as low self-esteem (Hurrelmann Losel, 1990). A Correlational data implicate low self-esteem in a host of social and academic problems, including poor school achievement, aggression, substance abuse, eating disorders, and teenage pregnancy (Dawes, 1994; Mecca, Smelser, Vasconcellos, 1989; Scheff, Retzinger, Ryan, 1989). Rosenberg (1985) pointed out that there is a relationship between self-esteem and depression. Adolescents with low self-esteem report more depression than those with a higher self-esteem. The evidence of the relationship between low self-esteem and a higher rate of depression in adolescents was further supported in subsequent studies (Byrne, 2000; Kim, 2003). Self-esteem is related to numerous emotional states. It has been linked to anxiety and depression in the clinical literature (Mineka,Watson, Clark, 1998), to pride and shame in the developmental literature (Tangney Fischer, 1995), to happiness and contentment in personality psychology (Diener Diener, 1995), and to anger and hostility in social psychology (Bushman Baumeister, 1998; Kernis, Grannemann, Barclay, 1989). Self-esteem provides a fundamental role in the behavior and mental health of adolescents. There is some evidence that the mental health problems of adolescents may be caused by a negative psychological trait, such as low self-esteem (Hurrelmann Losel, 1990). According to Bandura (1986) social adjustment, activity engagement, goal direction and self-confidence, and the presence of anxiety are all elements in a childs development and functioning that are influenced by his/her self-esteem. Many other researchers like Bolognini, et al., (1996); Harter (1999); Hoffmann, Baldwin, Cerbone, (2003); Kaplan, (1996); Stacy, et al., (1992) also emphasized self-esteem is an important indicator of general well-being and adolescents with lower levels of self-esteem often experience negative outcomes, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and dissatisfaction with life. According to Piko Fitzpatrick (2003) consistent with a resilience framework, scholars suggest that self-esteem serves as a protective factor by insulating youth from stress that stems from negative life events, and specifically, protecting against depression. Melnyk et al. (2006) found that adolescents with high self-esteem have a strong belief in their ability to engage in a healthy lifestyle. People with high but unstable self-esteem score higher on measures of hostility than do people with low self-esteem (whether stable or unstable), whereas people with high but stable self- esteem are the least hosti le (Kernis, Grannemann, Barclay, 1989). It may be important to emphasize that apart from General Well-Being, personality constructs, like high self-esteem have been shown to act as protective factors against psychopathology in adolescents (McDonald OHara, 2003). Dew Huebner (1994) found that well-being forms significant positive associations with self-esteem measures. In Pakistan, Riaz, Bilal Rizwan, (2007) found that self-esteem is significant predictor of aggression and specifically physical aggression and anger were significantly predicted by low self-esteem. With respect to emotional and social consequences, anger has been associated with increased anxiety, reduced self-esteem, damage to social relationships (Deffenbacher et al. 1996), and depression (Picardi et al., 2004). Many researchers have explored ways that socially structured inequality shapes an array of emotional/mental health outcomes, usually depression or anxiety (McLeod and Nonnemaker 1999; Turner et al. 1995) and, more recently, anger (Ross and Van Willigen 1997; Schieman 1999). One of the major reasons of psychological problems like low self-esteem, depression, and anger among adolescents of minority status is due to prejudice and discrimination of the society. Sociologists who study emotions have sought to document and describe the emotional correlates and consequences of social stratification (Smith-Lovin 1995). Adolescents of minority status are subjected to an array of derogatory and unpleasant experiences. All these experiences result in negative self-evaluation. According to Jacques Chason, (1977) minority or low status groups judge themselves as a group less positively than the member of the majority or high status group. All the researches cited in the literature review of the study, however, indicate that a Western evaluation of adolescents self-esteem, depression, and anger is hard to replicate for the indigenous adolescents minority population of Pakistan. Research on minority adolescents in Pakistan is negligible and hardly provides any basis for valid assertion about the state of affairs and the remedies, if ever adapted by authority figures, to improve the mental well-being of the target population. This study will highlight issues related to minority adolescents self-esteem, depression, anger, and will shed light on the ways mental well-being of the target group can be improved.

Ladder 49 vs. the Real Fire Department Essay

Ladder 49 is a firefighter movie which gives us a better picture of the real deal in firefighting. Several facets are shown in the movie which takes us to the more intimate level of the lives of firefighters where they do their job, and the personal lives they have that are entirely affected by their being firefighters. We get a picture of how firefighters create long lasting bonds within the confines of the rigorous job and also the consequences that the job imposes to the family members. The movie may probably be the most realistic depiction of firefighting scenarios in the US by far in film history. Theoretically, the creator of the film has employed firefighter circumstances and made it as real as it can possibly get. There are, of course, some differences made due to the cinematic requirements imposed by the film industry. But overall Ladder 49 may just be about the closest look into the realities of firefighting. The story revolves around Jack Morrison, as played by Joaquin Phoenix, who worked as a firefighter for a Baltimore station. The plots of the story are basically just about Jack Morrison’s career, his personal life, and the tragic event which lead to his unfortunate demise. The movie shows every stage of his career as a firefighter. The highlights of the initial part of the process of being a firefighter showed immediate camaraderie within Jack and his colleagues. This is portrayed in scenes where the firefighters pull pranks within each other, get into fights with each other, and just plainly have fun together. The movie establishes the kind of relationship that the profession brings into the lives of these people; a certain bond of brotherhood that is highly needed in the nature of a profession which is always in a high risk of danger. Also the movie presents moving fatalities and injuries as it is present in the line of work of firefighters. Jack’s personal life aspect, however, revolves around his family. The movie showed his courtship with Linda, played by Jacinda Barrett, to their marriage and to having their own family. The more personal level of the movie gets into scenes where the it shows the effects of Jack’s being a fire fighter to the family members. One example is when Linda gets too affected with the line of work of her husband as she came into her senses when she was in a funeral of Jack’s colleague. Then the movie further shows her distress in scenes where she, while pregnant, sees her husband on the television performing a highly dangerous stunt while saving a life. This also presents the kind of trouble the marriage gets into as they fight over the danger of his career and the fear that it entails. Eventually thereafter, they had children of their own and built a family while Jack pursues a higher, more hazardous post in the department. One of the most moving storylines of the film is where Linda declares her fear of seeing the red car showing up outside their house. In real life, the red car means that the firefighting department is to report not just the death of the family member working for the department but it can also be an injured family member. Thereafter, in the latter part of the film, it did show up and it is probably one of the most moving portrayals of how the consequences of the line of work of firefighting can heavily affect personal relationships. The movie basically revolved around a scene where Jack struggles to survive in one very tragic happening amidst an instance where he was doing his job. He was trapped in between a closed space and a heavy amount of fire. During these times, the movie just draws flashbacks of all the highlights of Jack’s career as a firefighter, his relationship with his colleagues, and his personal life with his family. The movie started with this scene and practically ended in it as well. It shows scenes where Jack talks to his captain, Mike Kennedy, as played by John Travolta, while he was struggling to escape from the fire. It also showed the moving, and tragic scene where Jack gave up and declared that he should be left alone inside the burning building and have his captain command the rest of the firefighters to evacuate. Subsequently, his death marked a tremendous loss in Baltimore as it was presented in scenes of Jack’s funeral ceremonies. Although this movie is deemed to be a very good depiction of the real life scenarios of firefighters, there are still some irregularities in the movie that can be addressed. Some of the scenes may even seem to be unrealistic and are obviously integrated in the movie to add to certain levels of the film industry’s entertainment standards. One manifestation of this irregularity is when Mike Kennedy, Jack’s captain, orders his firefighters to go inside the burning building to get Jack. This would seem very appropriate for the movie as a medium of telling the audience that Jack needs help. However, the truth is in real life firefighting situations, there are no protocols whatsoever that requires the captain to signal a command to get their fellow firefighter out of danger. Firefighters are trained to be highly independent on pursuing their tasks amidst adverse conditions. This is because most of the time communication between each other and even with the captain is not easily accessible. This consequently trains the firefighters to act based on their instincts which also mean that if a fellow firefighter is in danger there should not be thinking twice and waiting for commands. Instead instinct should take its toll to just try to save the life of the fellow fire fighter in danger in any way possible. Another inconsistency is when Mike Kennedy tries to exert as much sympathy as possible to the loss of one of their colleague due to a fire incidence. He tells his subordinates to take as much rest as they need. However, in a real firefighting scenario, bereavement does not require time off as the responsibilities entailed in firefighting are broad and cannot just be neglected easily. There can be no disclosures of irregular time offs with firefighters as it is very important that they report to their stations adequately and on time. As shown in the film, there is a scene where they show the firefighters in the station resting in their beds, and when there is a call for duty they just instantly position themselves to get ready for work. This just goes to show that time is indeed important in the firefighter’s duties and responsibilities. This movie also missed hitting it in a much more sensible treatment in such case as Jack’s declaration of a hopeless situation. This is when he deliberately asked his captain to stop the rescue and just have the rest of the team leave the premises because there is no chance that he can survive the circumstances. In real life situation however, there is no chance that the captain will fall for the command of his subordinate and just let the firefighter in danger burn. The real life situation would be less dramatic, and more action-oriented. The firefighters will do just about everything to save the life of their fellow man even if the said person in danger asks for him to be left alone. This is what the camaraderie and brotherhood brings about which is discussed earlier However, above all these irregularities in the film are also many great and truthful depictions of the real life firefighting scenarios. One of which that made a clear portrayal of the firefighting scene is the quick death of one of the firefighters. The instantaneous death is very similar to how it really happens in real life. The swiftness of the events in life and death situations is just as fast as it is depicted in the movie. Also, the scenes where Jack was amidst a burning house searching for someone who is in trouble of getting burnt inside is a good depiction of real life firefighting. The actions and happenings inside have a genuine feel to it. In other movies which show fire scenes, smoke conditions are not really as heavy as it truthfully is because audience will not be able to see anything if the realistic amount of smoke is integrated in the film. But Ladder 49 made a really good representation of how the smoke can be inside the burning building. This also shows how Jack struggle to get through with the situation in ways such as crawling in the dark and knocking some things over. Generally, the film may be perceived as just another drama portraying the heroism of firefighters. But more than anything else, this movie portrays everything that is good and bad in the firefighting profession. This also makes us appreciate that such people who are ready to risk lives for the welfare of everyone still exists in our society. References Ochieng, F. (2004). Ladder 49. The Top Box Office Movies. Retrieve December 19, 2008 from http://www. theworldjournal. com/special/movies/2004/ladder49. htm Scott, D. (2004). Review: ‘Ladder 49’ Burns With Heated Action. Joaquin Phoenix Gives Sincere Performance. Retieved December 19, 2008 from http://www. 4029tv. com/entertainment/3775785/detail. html Bolton, G. (Producer, & Russell, J. (Director). (2004). Ladder 49 [ Motion picture]. United States: Touchstone Pictures & Beacon Communications.

The Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors - 1333 Words

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This age group falls under the temptati on of peer pressure, which could also be a leading cause to the addictions as well. Sometimes, when first developing an addiction to something, it is easier to walk away when not commonly opening up to it everyday. Once the beginning stages of addiction pass, it becomes harder to turn away from what they have been used to doing for a great period of time which is proven to ultimately lead to destruction of ones body, mind, and life. With all of the different addictions adolescence face on anShow MoreRelatedDrug Profile Paper1105 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Profile Paper University of Phoenix PSY/425 March 22th, 2012 Drug Profile Paper This paper will illustrate several aspects of how drugs affect our lives. Addiction philosophies including the psychology and physiology will be explained in an attempt to describe how drugs affect our bodies both physically and mentally. 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A Critical Reflection On Internship Experience Essay

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Financial Statement Analysis of Gul Ahmed - 5883 Words

COURSE Financial Statement Analysis Report on Financial Statement Analysis of Gull Ahmed Company SUBMITTED TO Sir Raza Haider Sawal SUBMITTED BY Mohammad Sadiq Imran khan Raza Khan Taimur Shareef BBA Hons Semester Vii Section A INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES | PESHAWAR Financial statement analysis Introduction: Financial statement analysis is the art of transforming data from financial statement into information that is useful for informed decision making. Financial analysis involves the use of various financial statements. These statements do several things. First the balance sheet summarizes the asset, liabilities, and owners equity of a business at a moment in time, usually the end of a quarter or year. Income statement summarizes†¦show more content†¦Quick Acid Test Ratio: A more conservative measure of liquidity is the acid test or quick ratio which is actually the measure of liquidity calculating by dividing the firm’s current assets minus inventory by its current liabilities. Formula: Quick acid ratio = Current assets – inventory Current liabilities The quick acid ratio of the Gull Ahmed Company of year 2009 is = 7359272000-4333234000 7749618000 = 0.39 Above stated ratio shows the firm’s ability to meet its current liabilities with its most liquid assets. Quick acid ratio is always less from current ratio because of inventory. A quick ratio of greater than one is generally recommended but as with current ratio it’s also depend upon nature of the company. However the remaining year’s ratios are obtained through this method. The table of five year ratio is given below: Year | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | quick acid Ratio | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.39 | Trend analysis: Generally quick ratio of greater than one is recommended but as with current ratio it’s also depend upon nature of the company. It is clearly shows from the above data of gull armed company that the company quick ratio is very poor with respect to its past data. Quick acid testShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis of Gul Ahmed Textile with Industry8589 Words   |  35 PagesANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Final Project Gul Ahmed Textiles Limited Submitted to: Prof. Asif Bashir Submitted by: Muhammad Naseem Hayat L1F09MBAM2036 Rustam Javed L1F09MBAM2034 Hasan Mir L1F09MBAM0016 Section: A Dated: Friday, 31 August 2012 Contents Gul Ahmed 3 Firms Comparability: 3 Industry 3 Size of the firm: capitalization 4 Sales 4 Ownership: 5 International: 5 short term credit analysis 6 Analysis of Current Assets and Liabilities: 6 Current Asset Composition:Read MoreFormal Report on Gul Ahmad Textile3989 Words   |  16 Pages1. Introduction The purpose of the report is to present the company profile of Gul Ahmed textile industry. The current status along with the services and products offered by the company will be reviewed in this report. The report also mentions some opportunities the company has. The Companys board of directors includes six family members of the founder member of Gul Ahmed Group – Late Haji Ali Mohammed. The group has been carrying on business in the INDO Pakistan Sub Continent from the early 1900Read MoreMarketing Report of Gul Ahmed Textile Mill10361 Words   |  42 PagesDissertation (Marketing)29May 2008 Marketing Plan for Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Private (ltd) Table of contents Executive Summary 5 Statement of Purpose 9 Methodology 10 Delimitation 11 2. The Analyses 11 Gul Ahmed Textile Performance (History) 11 Corporate Profile - Major Companies 12 Corporate Profile - Business Activities 12 Textiles 12 Power 12 Management 12 Quality Policy 13 Social Policy 13 Environmental Policy 14 Health and Safety Policy 14 Sales review 14 2.2 The Macro EnvironmentRead MoreThe Impact of Corporate Governance on the Timeliness of Corporate Internet Reporting by Egyptian Listed Companies10157 Words   |  41 Pagesissue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0307-4358.htm MF 34,12 848 The impact of corporate governance on the timeliness of corporate internet reporting by Egyptian listed companies Amr Ezat and Ahmed El-Masry Plymouth Business School, Plymouth, UK Abstract Purpose – This study seeks to examine the key factors that affect the timeliness of corporate internet reporting (CIR) by the Egyptian listed corporations on the Cairo and Alexandria StockRead MoreClothing Store Case Study8603 Words   |  35 Pagesexternal factors on the industry varies (as in every industry) and is computed with analytical tools like PEST-C analysis and Porter’s five forces model. Nonetheless, fashion industry assures new arenas of growth and development; new opportunities for employment. This industry promises a different national projection that is serene and contemporary. Later, an extensive internal analysis of the company of concern is carried out, which in this piece of work is Maria B. Maria. B. is one of the

Professor Tocker Free Essays

Shop This project has to do with price elasticity, which is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service, in regards to the quantity demanded for a good or service to a change in its price. It will also give the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a change in price. (wow. We will write a custom essay sample on Professor Tocker or any similar topic only for you Order Now coursesmart. com/97812568314/page 551). A measure of the relationship between the change in quantity demanded of a particular good and a change in its rice relates to prices sensitivity. If a small change in price is accompanied by a change of quantity demanded, the product will be elastic. A product that is inelastic is when a large change in price is accompanied by a small change in the quantity demanded. Elasticity is sensitive to change in price, the degree to which demand for a good or service, in this case the flowers I am selling, varies with its price. It has to do with sales, when sales increase with a drop in price and decreases with the rise in price. Things like appliances, cars, and other non-essential, or luxury items, show elasticity of demand, it is because they are not essential items such as medical supplies, food, or etc. (www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ elasticityofdemand. html) Inelastic demand is when a demand for a product doesn’t increase or decrease with a fall or rise in its price; an increase in price would increase the revenue regardless of a fall in the quantity demanded. Inelastic examples would be groceries, gasoline, etc. things that are necessities. The ercentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price. It is also unresponsive to changes like demand, when it falls to increase in proportion to a decrease in price. (Tocker, R. (November 26, 2013) Econ 212 2 203 3 [chat 4]. Retrieved from Colorado Technical University Virtual Campus. ECON212 13048-02 Principles ot Microeconomics: nttps://campus. ctuonline. edu) The price of a laptop increases by 20% and there is a 40% drop in quantity demanded of the laptop. Then formula would be: Formula = Percent of change in Quantity demanded of Laptop Percentage of change in Price of Laptop Quantity Demand 40% = 4 = 2 Price Increased 20% 2 Since the result is greater than 1, the demand for the laptops is elastic, and the effect on total revenue of an increase in price which will mean that the total revenue will fall. Inelastic demand is Just the opposite of elastic demand, because consumers will buy it regardless of price. Formula = Percentage of quantity Demanded of Cigarettes Percentage of price increase of Cigarettes Demanded The price of cigarettes increased by 10%, and there is a 5% drop in the quantity emanded. Quantity Demanded 5% Price Increased 0. 10 Since the result is less than 1, the demand for cigarettes is inelastic and the effect on total revenue on a decrease in price, which will mean that revenue rises, then total revenue will be unchanged. (wrww. economicsrevealed. co. uk) I think bridge tolls are inelastic, people will pay them regardless of price; it helps to maintain roads and reduce traffic congestion this is something people will Just add to their daily expenses for getting to and from work. As far as beachfront property is oncerned, I think many people would love to own beachfront property; however, it is not a necessity this would be a luxury, which is elastic. Gourmet coffee and cell phones could be both either elastic or inelastic, depending on if you believe it is a necessity or a luxury. My personal opinion is that it is a necessity, but the applications and downloads that are available to you are a luxury, an added feature is something your do not need. I could not imagine being without my cell phone, but I don’t want to pay for all the extra apps that are available. I honestly believe that gasoline is inelastic because you need it to travel, getting back and forth to work, etc. Regardless of what price the gas may be we will pay it in order to get to our destination. Owning and running a floral shop, I have to look at the supply and demand. While Valentine’s Day is when roses are in high demand, but supply is low; however, you also have a higher demand in flowers during Christmas and Hanukkah, Mother’s Day, Easter, and Memorial Day. The best time for me to raise prices would be in February, ecause of the high demand; again in May to deal with the demand for Mother’s Day, Memorial Day and weddings throughout the summer months. How to cite Professor Tocker, Papers

Strategic Management Case Analysis Process - Free Sample Solution

Question: This assessment task requires you to perform a detailed analysis of the Google case stud.You may supplement the knowledge gained from this case study with your own research on Google? Answer: Introduction Strategic management refers to the strategic analysis of external environment and internal environment of an organisation that serves as a base for developing and retaining optimum management practices (Ansoff, 2007). It is a continuous process that helps organisations in development, implementation and evaluation if strategies and decisions in order to achieve desired organisational goals and performance objectives (Abraham, 2012). This assignment analyses the external and internal environment of Google and reviews its competitive strategies. Google is a multinational corporation that specialises in internet-related services and products (Google Company, 2015). It was founded by two Ph.D. students of Stanford University Larry Page and Sergey Brin in year 1996. Google was initially known as BackRub that was started as a web search engine. Google has been able to capture a 70 percent of worlds internet search market share with Microsoft, Apple and Yahoo as its primary competitors in the industry (Steegle, 2013). In year 2014 Google has been listed as the worlds most valuable brand with Apple taking up the second position. External Environment Analysis External environment or the operating environment of an organisation comprises of factors surrounding it, like conditions, events and entities that greatly influence its activities and decisions and help them identifying various opportunities and threats (Nilsson Rapp, 2005). PESTLE analysis can be conducted to get an in-depth understanding of Googles external environment. Pestel Analysis PESTEL analysis helps analysing the macro environmental factors that affects Googles overall operations. PESTEL is an acronym for political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, ecological and legal factors (Freeman, 2010). Political Factors: It helps measuring the level to which government intervenes in the economy (Strategic tools: SWOT and PESTLE, 2009). It focuses on facts like labour law, tax policy, environmental law, political stability, tariffs and trade restrictions. Overall stability of the government greatly benefits Googles overall profitability as a stable government facilitate business growth which in turn results in growth of revenue from advertisements for Google. Government do not pose too much identified laws on level of Information sharing thus common laws do not influence Googles operations much. China however has laid restrictions on Google prohibiting them to operate on their terms. Economical Factors: It includes factors like inflation rate, economical growth, unemployment, exchange rates and interest rates (Vermeulen Cureu, 2010). Owing to its area of business Google is not very much affected by changes in economical factors. This is clear from the fact depicted in case study that in year 2009 Googles financial performance in comparison to its competitors was shocking wherein it held first position in overall per share data and growth categories and second positing in overall profitability. Socio-Cultural Factors: It includes factors like income distribution, population demographic, level of education and lifestyle change (Wittmann Reuter, 2013). Change in social trends and culture greatly affects the demand of product/ services and overall operations of an organisation. Changes in social trends and culture within society have always benefited Google as it is referred to as a warehouse of knowledge and information. Technological Factors: It includes factors like investment and level of research and development, technology incentives, automation and rate of technological change (Vermeulen Cureu, 2010). Google is a technological company thus is greatly affected by technological factors which are its main competitive strategy. Technological innovation is the key mantra behind Google exceptional growth and the company spend spends most of its time and money on RD activities. Ecological Factors: It includes factors like climate change, weather, environment conservation etc. Googles overall operations are not that much affected by ecological factors. Legal Factors: Like any other organisation Google also has to adhere to basic laws like, employment laws, consumer laws, discrimination law, health and safety laws etc. Google has been awarded as one of the worlds best employers and best company to work with. Porters Five Forces Analysis Porters five forces analysis helps in analysing the degree of competition within an industry and developing business strategy (Porter, 2008). Threat of Competitive Rivalry: High Google faces tough competition from four big companies Microsoft, Apple and Yahoo. Unlike Google these companies has diversified in several industries while Googles area of focus just include Advertising, Search, Mobile and Apps. Microsoft: Founded in year 1974 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, Microsoft today is recognised as the worlds leader in software services and developing solution that help businesses attain their full potential. The company operates in five business segments namely; windows and windows live, server and tools, online services, Microsoft business and entertainment and devices. It has presence in 109 countries and has reported a sales value of $58.4 billion which is 243 percent of Googles sales values. Yahoo: Founded in year 1994 by Jerry Wang and David Flo, Yahoo is one of the recognised search engines and has reported sales of $ 6.5 billion which is 27 percent of Googles sales values. Yahoo has its focus on four categories of business namely; integrated consumer experiences, applications, search and media products and solutions. Yahoo and Microsoft recently have agreed for a mutually beneficial relationship in order to catch up with Google. Apple: Founded in year 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ron Wayne adopted a hardware approach for market entry in contract to its competitor Microsoft. It has opted for geographic segmentation instead of individual subsidiaries. Apples main product offering include; Mac desktops, Mac portables, Music related products and services, iPhone and its related products and services, Peripherals and other hardware and Software service and other sales. Apple has reported sales of $36.5 billion which is 152 percent of Googles sales value. Threat of New Entrants: Low to Medium New entrants face almost negligible barriers for entry into the internet marketplace. Also in case of search engine business software services are associated with no switching cost. Developing a better search engine is not at all an impossible task however it is not at all possible to beat or even match Googles core competencies and financial position. Thus, Google face low to medium treat from entry of new companies. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Low to Medium Google is a big brand name and suppliers themselves want to be associated with it. As depicted in the case study Google make use of third parties to create applications that are outside the reach of their expertise. Google receives 20 percent of the revenue collected from such applications without allocating its own resources. However Google does feel some threat from big suppliers like Microsoft and Apple whose platforms and operating systems are used to support Google tool. A disagreement from their end can cause Google tool to become mal-functional. Bargaining Power of Customers: Medium to High Customer is at the heart of all business and corporate level strategies. All organisational strategies are formulated keeping in mind the needs of target customers. Though Google enjoys a high brand reputation and customer loyalty it still has to update its strategies and technologies to meet the changing needs of customers. Customers however cannot even think of a day without Google that has almost become a necessity. Google enjoys an internet search market share of 70% and its next to impossible for any other search engine to replace it. Threat of Substitute Products: Medium to High Google faces tough competition from three big players Apple, Yahoo and Microsoft; these companies also operate in the same segment as Google. They are equally strong in terms of innovation, technology and financial position. Though the threat of new entrants does not have too much effect on Google however it is well aware that creation of a similar product is not something that cannot happen. Google has to focus on continuous innovation which is not only important for survival but also for retaining its market position. It has all the necessary technologies to remain successful in this industry like storage, server hardware and bandwidth. Strategic Environments Google operates in four different segments each of which has its own set of challenges and competitors. In order to sustain in this competitive environment Google use differentiation strategy wherein it has developed different strategy to target different segments (Bonnici, 2011). Search: Google believes that a perfect search engine understands and delivers what is exactly needed by customer. Google strategy to target this segment was to put complete focus on a developing product features instead of spending on marketing campaigns. A product that was user friendly, with global access, delivered useful commercial information, worked on multiple access platforms and resulted in considerable improvement of web. Advertising: Google uses single overarching strategy to deliver useful relevant ads that are targeted and cost effective. AdSense and AdWords are Googles main advertising products. Its advertising strategies restricts placement of ads between search results which greatly benefit end users. Apps: Gmail and You tube are the most commonly and extensively used Apps of Google that is available free of charge adding to its brand reputation and goodwill. Google relies on outsourcing and strategic alliance strategy to involve third parties that use their expertise and resources to create applications for Google who gets a share of 20% from revenue generated from these apps without using any of its resources. Mobile: Google witnessed exceptionally high growth in this segment owing to its open-source freely available operating system Android. Google has a unique product, pricing and distribution strategy for this unique product. It is a feature rich product that is freely available and open to source and are distributed to mobile manufactures free of cost rather they receive a share of revenue generated from advertising from Google. Key success factors Google faces tough competition from its four major rivals and in order to retain its position Google spend most of its operating expenses to perform research and development activities. It has made its advertising business as the main source of revenue. As all its products and services are virtual they do not involve cost of labour, warehousing, production and distribution thus limiting its cost of sale. In addition to its effective leadership Google owes its remarkable success to its capabilities in four major areas; Web search functionality is recognised as an essential contributor in Googles business and is an indispensable feature of the internet. It allows users to search in 130 languages and the company owns around 160 country/ regional domains that are localised. Advertising sales accounts for 97 percent of its revenues. Google makes the ads unobtrusive so that they match users needs. Google Apps comprises of a set of cloud computing tools that include Gmail which changed the face of online email by offering free email with 1 GB storage, Google docs which is a set of online editing tools that allows users to share documents with anyone such that documents can be edited by several users at the same time, Google Calendar, Orkut which is a social networking site, Picasa for photo editing and sharing, YouTube for video sharing and other such Apps. Googles entry into the mobile computing technology has lead to the development of Android operating system created by the Open Handset Alliance which is formed by grouping of 71 mobile and technology companies. Android is an open-source, freely available operating system for mobile phones. Driving forces of change Google currently faces three main challenges that are recognised as major driving forces of change. Firstly it needs to focus on how to manage growth of Android market. It has to devise sustainability strategies for growth of Android in the market, find out ways to monetise and take advantage of mobile computing, develop competitive strategies to increase sales of Android based handsets as compared to competitor products and how can it target and please wireless providers. Secondly it needs to emphasize on how it can manage the escalating situation in China. It has to formulate strategies on how it should provide its contents to China without affecting its relationship with the providers of cellular phone services there. Lastly it needs to focus on responding to customer queries regarding data privacy. It has to devise strategies that will help in further safe guarding users privacy. Google must maintain customers trust without which it will not be able to perform its business practices. Internal Environment Analysis Internal environmental analysis includes review of organisations mission, overall operations and internal leadership/guidance (Web-books, 2014). Googles mission and vision Googles mission is to organise the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful (Google Company, 2015). It wants to bring the world to within every customers reach through its search engine, apps and advertising and mobile platforms. Its mission speaks about its goals and gives it a platform to move ahead in future. It is not timeline thus reveals Google willingness to redefine limits of internet usage. Googles vision is to develop a world where technology does all the hard work and people do what makes them happy. They focus on building great things that do not exist (Carlson, 2013). The company aims at developing a technology driven world. Googles culture and leadership As depicted in the case study Google fits into the hard working informal culture which is key factor behind his remarkable success in such short span of time. Google encourages high diversity of workforce which is a representation of globally diversified customers they serve. They have an open culture were all employees are encouraged to share their views and work they ways. They greatly encourage fun with work and their complete infrastructure supports this belief. Google owes its grand success to its prime leaders Larry Page, Eric Schmidt and Sergey Brin. Effective leadership is essential for development of a company life Google (Dockery, 2011). They display use of transformational leadership style wherein they possess the inherit charisma to influence others and make them live by values that support their ideas and vision (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Their contribution is critical for the overall management of the company and they are the once who lead to the development of Googles culture, technology and strategic directions. Larry Page is responsible for the companys product development, day-to-day operations and technology strategy. Eric Schmidt is CEO of Google and is the person who scaled Googles infrastructure, diversified product offerings and developed a strong innovative culture. Sergey Brin is Googles president of technology and shares responsibilities with Larry and Eric. Googles Current Structure Google displays a flat organisational structure with very limited hierarchies. This is clear from the fact that Googlers can ask all their doubts related to various company issues directly from top leadership of the company. Google is recognised as one of the most sustainable business of the world. Googles sustainability practices helps it in retaining its competitive advantage in order to secure and grow its internet market share of 70%. Googles competitive advantage is rooted from its ability to leverage the power of free. Continuous innovation is the key that helps it maintaining its top position in the internet industry. Googles distinctive competencies help it remain sustainable and retain its competitive advantage. Google in comparison to its competitors has better products, strong and unique infrastructure, appeal for advertisers and high traffic thus setting standards that are unmatched by rivals. Google has all the technology necessary to retain its competitive advantage and market share. Server Hardware: Instead on investing huge operating expenses on purchasing server hardware Google has built its own server hardware. It is occupies the fourth position among the list of Worlds largest server manufacturers. The scale of their computing resource is unimaginably large. Storage: Similar as the case of its server hardware Google following a different strategy of relying on high redundancy models that have low price with cheap individual drives that are most likely to fail. Bandwidth: Googles differentiation strategy again works well in this case; the company has purchases dark fibre in large scale which prevents it from making huge investment on purchase of Bandwidth. Google has future plans of making good investment on developing ultra fast fibre networks with an aim to redefine the competitive landscape of broadband America. Googles value chain analysis Googles value chain takes up a different structure as it does not produce physical goods. Figure below represents Googles value chain. Fig.1. Source: Ansoff (2007) Google attracts high traffic of web-users to its search engine by delivering highly relevant search results. These same web-users are then directed towards its advertising partners by following ads that are unobtrusive and relevant. Google keeps a track of users by keyword association and search history in its apps like Gmail and YouTube through which it can predict their interest and accordingly delivery ads that are of interest to the user. This not only adds value for the advertising partners but also for the web-users who are directed towards sites that will actually benefit them. The primary activities (Search, Advertising, Apps development and Mobile computing) performed by Google are greatly affected by support activities preformed by human resources and administration. Google employs more than 40,000 people in 70 countries. It encourages a diversified workforce who works in an open culture where innovation is the key to growth and overall success. They prefer smart working people which high determination and more ability than experience (Google Company, 2015). Google has all the necessary technology to sustain its competitive advantage, it builds its own server hardware, relies on high redundancy models that have low price with cheap individual drives that are most likely to fail and hardly pays much for band width as it uses fibre optics based network dark fibre. It generates maximum revenue from its advertising business which is supported by businesses of other three segments. Conclusion Google should focus on market development strategies to take advantage of opportunities presented by developing economies of Middle East/ Africa and Asia Pacific regions. It should emphasize more on developing strategic alliances in such regions in order to benefit from knowledge of localised entities. Google needs to develop better and more focused marketing strategies to increase sales of Android based handsets. It should make efforts to negotiate with China so that they can enter into a mutually beneficial relationship. Google needs to emphasise on developing strategies that will help them guarantee web-users privacy. References Abraham, S. C., (2012) Strategic Planning: A Practical Guide for Competitive Success. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Ansoff, H. I., (2007) Strategic Management. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Armstrong, M. Stephens, T., (2005) A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Bonnici, C. A., (2011) Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. Plymouth: RL Education. Carlson, N., (2013) Larry Page Lays Out His Vision For The Future: 'We're Only At 1% Of What's Possible. [Online] Available at: Dockery, D. S., (2011) Christian Leadership Essentials: A Handbook for Managing Christian Organizations. Nashville: BH Publishing Group. Freeman, R. E., (2010) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Company, (2015) Google Company. [Online] Available at. Nilsson, F. Rapp, B., (2005) Understanding Competitive Advantage: The Importance of Strategic Congruence and Integrated Control. Hamburg: Springer. Porter, M. E., (2008) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Simon and Schuster. Steegle, (2013) Steegle. [Online] Available at: ]. Strategic tools: SWOT and PESTLE, (2009) Strategic tools: SWOT and PESTLE. [Online] Available at: Vermeulen, P. A. M. Cureu, P. L., (2010) Entrepreneurial Strategic Decision-making: A Cognitive Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Web-books, (2014) Developing Strategy Through Internal Analysis. [Online] Available at: . Wittmann, R. Reuter, M., (2013) Strategic Planning: How to Deliver Maximum Value through Effective Business Strategy. London: Kogan Page Publishers.